Sore Throat

What is a sore throat?

A sore throat is a common symptom that happens when the back of your throat becomes dry or painful. It can make swallowing uncomfortable and might come with other symptoms like a hoarse voice or swollen glands.

While it’s often linked to viral infections such as colds or flu, a sore throat can also be caused by simple things like allergies, dry air or - if you’ve ever been to a concert you’ll know - shouting too much.

Most cases are mild and go away on their own but if symptoms hang around or get worse it could be a sign of something more serious.

Symptoms of a sore throat

A sore throat can feel different depending on what’s causing it, but most of us recognise it as a dry, scratchy or painful feeling in the back of the throat.

It may come on gradually or appear suddenly, and it can range from a mild irritation to more severe discomfort.

Common symptoms include:

• Pain, dryness or a raw feeling in the throat
• Discomfort when swallowing or talking
• Redness at the back of the mouth
• Swollen glands in the neck or jaw
• Hoarse or muffled voice
• A tickly cough or the urge to clear your throat

You may also notice other symptoms alongside a sore throat like a runny nose, headache or fever. This is common, especially if the sore throat’s caused by a cold.

What causes a sore throat?

There are several reasons why your throat might feel sore and not all of them are down to being unwell.

While infections are a common cause, everyday irritants or underlying conditions can also play a role.

Some of the most common causes include:

• Viral infections like colds, flu or COVID-19
• Bacterial infections such as strep throat - which may need antibiotics
• Allergies including hay fever or reactions to dust and pet hair
• Dry air, particularly in heated homes during winter
• Smoking or exposure to smoke which can irritate the throat lining
• Acid reflux, caused when stomach acid travels up and causes a burning sensation in the throat
• Strained voice from shouting or singing

Identifying the cause can help you manage symptoms more effectively through either resting your voice, avoiding a common trigger or choosing the right sore throat treatment.

How to diagnose a sore throat

In most cases, a sore throat doesn’t need a formal diagnosis - especially if it’s mild and clearly a symptom of a cold or flu.

But if the pain is severe or comes with other worrying symptoms like a high fever or difficulty swallowing, it’s worth getting checked by your doctor immediately.

A GP or pharmacist will usually start by asking about your symptoms, how long you’ve had them and whether anything makes them better or worse. They may also look at the back of your throat to check for redness or white patches and gently feel your neck for any swollen glands.

If a bacterial infection like strep throat is suspected, they might take a quick throat swab to test for it. This helps decide whether antibiotics are needed or if your sore throat will clear up on its own with rest and care.

What soothes a sore throat fast?

When your throat feels sore you want fast, effective relief. While most sore throats will clear up on their own, certain treatments can help ease the pain and make you feel more comfortable in the meantime.

Here are some options that can provide quick relief:

Pain relief

Over-the-counter painkillers like paracetamol or ibuprofen can help reduce throat pain and bring down any inflammation. These can be a good place to start if your sore throat is making it hard to eat or speak.

Throat sprays

Throat sprays like Difflam deliver a soothing liquid directly to the back of the throat. Some contain local anaesthetics like benzydamine or lidocaine to numb the area, while others include antiseptic ingredients to help fight infection. They’re ideal for fast-acting relief.

Lozenges and medicated sweets

Sucking on lozenges such as Jakemans or Halls Soothers helps keep your throat moist and encourages saliva production, which can ease dryness and irritation. Some lozenges also contain ingredients like menthol or antiseptics to numb or disinfect the area.

Mouthwashes and gargles

Antiseptic mouthwashes or saltwater gargles can help reduce bacteria in the mouth and throat. They’re particularly useful if your sore throat is linked to a dental issue or oral infection.

Warm drinks and home remedies

Warm water with honey and lemon is a classic remedy that can help soothe a sore throat naturally. Staying hydrated and avoiding irritants like smoke or alcohol can also make a big difference.

How to prevent a sore throat

While you can’t always avoid getting a sore throat - especially during cold and flu season - there are a few simple steps you can take to reduce your chances of getting one.

Good hygiene is key, so washing your hands regularly, especially after coughing or being in public places, can help stop the spread of viruses.

Try to avoid close contact with people who are unwell and avoid sharing things like cups or towels if someone in your household has a sore throat.

Other helpful habits include:

• Staying hydrated to keep your throat moist
• Avoiding cigarette smoke and other irritants
• Using a humidifier if the air in your home is dry
• Managing allergies to reduce irritation
• Looking after your voice if you use it a lot for work or hobbies

If you’re prone to sore throats, try and take care of your general health by eating well, getting enough sleep and staying active to help keep your immune system strong.

Sources

1. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sore-throat/symptoms-causes/syc-20351635
2. https://www.nhs.uk/symptoms/sore-throat/
3. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sore-throat/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351640
4. https://stories.uq.edu.au/research/2022/sore-throats-suck-do-throat-lozenges-help/index.html
5. https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/chlorhexidine/about-chlorhexidine/
6. https://www.cdc.gov/sore-throat/about/index.html